Added: 01/26/2006 |
The History of Traditional Mountain Climbing and Climbing ClubsWhen speaking about traditional mountain climbing, we should differentiate between its three types: trail climbing, rock climbing and ice climbing. The first one is generally the easiest, when climbers hike along the trails to the top of mountains. Rock climbing occurs on steeper slopes and higher mountains, and hence, requires more endurance, and experience. Climbers have to employ special equipment, like rubber-soled boots, ropes and steel spikes. Ice climbing is the most difficult and dangerous type of climbing, required on extremely high mountains. The two latter types of traditional mountain climbing are an integral part of almost all renowned ascents.
The first essential achievement, in mountaineering, was the ascent of Mont Blanc, which took place in 1787. It was followed by the ascents of such Alpine peaks as Jungfrau, Ortles, Finsteraahorn and Mont Pelvou. The popularity of traditional mountain climbing has grown significantly during the decade that followed the ascent of Switzerland's Wetterhorn, in 1854. The subsequent years witnessed the establishment of the first mountain climbing club - the Alpine Club in London, and the launching of the Alpine Journal. Some major techniques for rock, snow and ice climbing were developed, enabling highly hazardous ascents. When the last of the Alpine mountains, the Matterhorn was conquered, climbers ventured to the English Lake District and the Scottish Highlands, offering climbing challenges.
Out of all mountain systems, the Himalayas have proved to be the most challenging. It wasn't until 1964 that its ten tallest mountains were conquered. Among the most famous mountain climbing clubs, formed in the second half of the XIX century, were the Club Alpino Italiano, the Schweizer Alpen Club, Club Alpine Francais, the Himalayan Club, the Alpine Club of Canada, the American Alpine Club and the Alpine Club in London. The majority of them provided valuable service by offering information on routes and topography.
Since the first Alpine Club was initiated in London in 1858, important measures have been taken concerning protection of the Alpine environment and the operation of Alpine huts and path. Currently there exists Alpine clubs in a number of European countries, the United States, and Canada. One of the largest is the American Alpine Club, founded in 1902 with the aim to promote mountaineering and climbing with the focus on scientific research and education. The Club is dedicated to the promotion of knowledge about mountains and traditional mountain climbing via various publications and meetings, the exploration of the world's high mountains, the production of publications and detailed maps of Alpine areas, the preservation and protection of the mountain environment and others. The first president of the club was Charles Ernest Fay, who contributed greatly to its development. The majority of mountain climbing clubs are non-profit organizations, supported by membership dues, the sale of publications, and grants from foundations and corporations.
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