Added: 03/03/2006 |
Instructional designers work with models designs and developmentInstructional designers work requires using the correct instructional design models by describing all the phases of the instructional design. But, let's go back to the history of instructional design. The first attempt at instructional design took place during the Second World War when the military realized that it was necessary to implement larger military technical projects such as navigating across the ocean or building a bomber. It was necessary to manage low educated people and to assign certain duties to certain people. In order to succeed training programs were implemented which were based on instructional design models.
One of the founders, B.F. Skinner offered the idea of breaking large tasks into smaller sub tasks with each new sub task being treated as a new learning purpose. Such training was to ensure the correct performance and to minimize the consequences of an incorrect performance. Almost every learner could master the duties after being taught because of the instructional design models. When the war ended the success of the instructional designers work was replicated in industrial and business fields and to a lesser degree in primary and secondary education. In 1955, Benjamin Bloom helped with the following domains of learning by developing how these learning styles were distinguished: like psychomotor that are talking about what we do physically, cognitive that is talking about what we know and think, and affective, that involves what we feel or what attitudes we have. These domains still have a great influence on the instructional design.
It is necessary to say that the form of analysis of learning needs of instruction has been influenced very much by the growth of digital computers since the sixties. Many models came into existence and adopted an information processing approach. However, recently, with the development of artificial intelligence cognitive learning theory has become prevalent. The cognitive learning theory provides models based on research of how the human brain processes and stores information. Today, the most universal model in the instructional designers work is the Addie model. The Addie model stands for five sequences and stages of the instructional design: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The guidelines are very flexible for building efficient training and support tools.
The Addie model can be applied to various fields of learning and to practically any situation. As its name suggests the analysis of leaning needs of instruction should be performed first. At this stage, the instructional designer should analyze different learning characteristics such as a task to be learned and much more. The second phase is models designing and development at this stage is necessary to develop learning objectives and to choose the correct instructional approach. From the many models of development, the Addie model is the most universal model, however, in some cases, it is better to use the Dick and Carey model or the Kemp's model. The instructional designers work is impossible without taking into consideration these models.
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